Title

Protein arginine deiminase 2 binds calcium in an ordered fashion: implications for inhibitor design

UMMS Affiliation

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology

Publication Date

2015-04-17

Document Type

Article

Disciplines

Biochemistry | Enzymes and Coenzymes | Medicinal-Pharmaceutical Chemistry | Therapeutics

Abstract

Protein arginine deiminases (PADs) are calcium-dependent histone-modifying enzymes whose activity is dysregulated in inflammatory diseases and cancer. PAD2 functions as an Estrogen Receptor (ER) coactivator in breast cancer cells via the citrullination of histone tail arginine residues at ER binding sites. Although an attractive therapeutic target, the mechanisms that regulate PAD2 activity are largely unknown, especially the detailed role of how calcium facilitates enzyme activation. To gain insights into these regulatory processes, we determined the first structures of PAD2 (27 in total), and through calcium-titrations by X-ray crystallography, determined the order of binding and affinity for the six calcium ions that bind and activate this enzyme. These structures also identified several PAD2 regulatory elements, including a calcium switch that controls proper positioning of the catalytic cysteine residue, and a novel active site shielding mechanism. Additional biochemical and mass-spectrometry-based hydrogen/deuterium exchange studies support these structural findings. The identification of multiple intermediate calcium-bound structures along the PAD2 activation pathway provides critical insights that will aid the development of allosteric inhibitors targeting the PADs.

DOI of Published Version

10.1021/cb500933j

Source

ACS Chem Biol. 2015 Apr 17;10(4):1043-53. doi: 10.1021/cb500933j. Link to article on publisher's site

Journal/Book/Conference Title

ACS chemical biology

Related Resources

Link to Article in PubMed

Link to Full Text

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