Title
Higher nicotine and carbon monoxide levels in menthol cigarette smokers with and without schizophrenia
UMMS Affiliation
Department of Psychiatry
Publication Date
2007-07-27
Document Type
Article
Subjects
Adult; Analysis of Variance; Carbon Monoxide; Cotinine; Female; Flavoring Agents; Humans; Male; Menthol; Nicotine; Schizophrenia; Tobacco Use Disorder
Disciplines
Psychiatry
Abstract
This study examined whether smoking menthol cigarettes was associated with increased biochemical measures of smoke intake. Expired carbon monoxide (CO) and serum nicotine and cotinine were measured in 89 smokers with schizophrenia and 53 control smokers immediately after smoking an afternoon cigarette. Serum nicotine levels (27 vs. 22 ng/ml, p = .010), serum cotinine levels (294 vs. 240 ng/ml, p = .041), and expired CO (25 vs. 21 ppm, p = .029) were higher in smokers of menthol compared with nonmenthol cigarettes, with no differences in 3-hydroxycotinine/cotinine ratios between groups when controlling for race. Backward stepwise linear regression models showed that, in addition to having a diagnosis of schizophrenia, smoking menthol cigarettes was a significant predictor of nicotine and cotinine levels. Individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder smoked more generic or discount value brands (Basic, Doral, Monarch, USA, Wave, others) compared with control smokers (28% vs. 6%, p = .002) but did not smoke more brands with high nicotine delivery as estimated by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission method. Although rates of mentholated cigarette smoking were not higher in smokers with schizophrenia overall, they were significantly higher in non-Hispanic White people with schizophrenia compared with controls of the same ethnic/racial subgroup (51% vs. 28%, p<.0001). The higher exhaled CO in menthol smokers suggests that the higher nicotine levels are at least partly related to increased intake of smoke from menthol cigarettes, although menthol-mediated inhibition of nicotine metabolism also may be a factor. Menthol is an important cigarette additive that may help explain why some groups have lower quit rates and more smoking-caused disease.
DOI of Published Version
10.1080/14622200701484995
Source
Nicotine Tob Res. 2007 Aug;9(8):873-81. Link to article on publisher's site
Journal/Book/Conference Title
Nicotine and tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
Related Resources
PubMed ID
17654300
Repository Citation
Williams JM, Gandhi KK, Steinberg ML, Foulds J, Ziedonis DM, Benowitz NL. (2007). Higher nicotine and carbon monoxide levels in menthol cigarette smokers with and without schizophrenia. Psychiatry Publications. https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200701484995. Retrieved from https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/psych_pp/220