UMMS Affiliation
Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine; Department of Medicine, Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine
Publication Date
2013-5
Document Type
Article Postprint
Subjects
Women's Health; Cardiovascular Diseases; Spirituality; Postmenopause
Disciplines
Alternative and Complementary Medicine | Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms | Cardiology | Cardiovascular Diseases | Clinical Epidemiology | Religion | Women's Health
Abstract
Purpose: Spirituality has been associated with better cardiac autonomic balance, but its association with cardiovascular risk is not well studied. We examined whether more frequent private spiritual activity was associated with reduced cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women enrolled in the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study.
Methods: Frequency of private spiritual activity (prayer, Bible reading, and meditation) was selfreported at year 5 of follow-up. Cardiovascular outcomes were centrally adjudicated, and cardiovascular risk was estimated from proportional hazards models.
Results: Final models included 43,708 women (mean age: 68.9±7.3; median follow-up: 7.0 years) free of cardiac disease through year 5 of follow-up. In age-adjusted models private spiritual activity was associated with increased cardiovascular risk (HR: 1.16; CI 1.02, 1.31, weekly vs. never; 1.25; CI 1.11, 1.40, daily vs. never). In multivariate models adjusted for demographics, lifestyle, risk factors, and psychosocial factors, such association remained significant only in the group with daily activity (HR 1.16; CI: 1.03, 1.30). Subgroup analyses indicate this association may be driven by the presence of severe chronic diseases.
Conclusion: In aging women, higher frequency of private spiritual activity was associated with increased cardiovascular risk, likely reflecting a mobilization of spiritual resources in order to cope with aging and illness.
Keywords
women's health, cardiovascular diseases, spirituality
Rights and Permissions
This is the authors' final, peer-reviewed version of the article as prepared for publication
DOI of Published Version
10.1016/j.annepidem.2013.03.002
Source
Annals of Epidemiology 2013 May;23(5):239-45. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2013.03.002. Link to final version of article on publisher's website
Journal/Book/Conference Title
Annals of Epidemiology
Related Resources
PubMed ID
23621989
Repository Citation
Salmoirago Blotcher E, Fitchett G, Hovey KM, Schnall E, Thomson C, Andrews CA, Crawford S, O'Sullivan MJ, Post S, Chlebowski RT, Ockene JK. (2013). Frequency of Private Spiritual Activity and Cardiovascular Risk in Post-menopausal Women: The Women's Health Initiative. Cardiovascular Medicine Publications and Presentations. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2013.03.002. Retrieved from https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/cardio_pp/86
Included in
Alternative and Complementary Medicine Commons, Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms Commons, Cardiology Commons, Cardiovascular Diseases Commons, Clinical Epidemiology Commons, Religion Commons, Women's Health Commons